Spooky Science

Spooky Science

Stepping away from medical and biological sciences a bit, a foray into quantum physics teaches us about “spooky” science. In quantum entanglement, first described by Schrödinger, if you observe a particle in one place, another particle – even one that is light years...
Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria

What is the difference between inclusion and exclusion criteria? How do you know whether something should be an inclusion or exclusion criterion for your study? In a prospective study, you define the study population and enrol eligible subjects before applying the...
Affect vs Effect

Affect vs Effect

According to a Twitter poll I conducted recently, numerous people are challenged to use the words “affect” and “effect” correctly. These terms come up frequently in scientific and medical writing. Affect is commonly used as a verb, meaning to impact on, to influence,...
Introducing and Discussing the Literature

Introducing and Discussing the Literature

You’ve searched and reviewed the literature on your research topic, designed your study accordingly, and now you’re ready to write up your results in a manuscript for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. In the Introduction and Discussion sections of the manuscript,...